Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Clinical and Histopathological Correlation of Uterine Leiomyomas: A Retrospective Analysis
Objectives: To evaluate the clinical presentation and histopathological spectrum of uterine leiomyomas in a tertiary care setting. Design: A retrospective, descriptive study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Pathology, MR Medical College, Sangareddy, Hyderabad. Participants: 75 women with a histopathological diagnosis of uterine leiomyoma following hysterectomy or myomectomy. Study Period: January 2016 to January 2017. Main Outcome Measures: Primary outcomes included the age distribution, parity, clinical symptoms, anatomical location of fibroids, and histopathological patterns including degenerative changes and associated endometrial findings. Results: The mean age of participants was 41.2 years (±5.8 SD), with the highest frequency (42.7%, n=32) in the 41-50 year age group. Multiparous women comprised the majority of cases (78.7%, n=59). The most common presenting symptom was menorrhagia (74.7%, n=56), followed by pelvic pain (44.0%, n=33). Intramural leiomyomas were the predominant anatomical type (56.0%, n=42). Histopathological examination revealed hyaline degeneration as the most frequent degenerative change (50.7%, n=38), and proliferative endometrium was the most common associated finding (65.3%, n=49). Conclusions: This study confirms that uterine leiomyomas most frequently affect perimenopausal, multiparous women, with abnormal uterine bleeding being the cardinal symptom. A strong correlation exists between clinical features and histopathological findings. Comprehensive histopathological evaluation remains indispensable for definitive diagnosis and for understanding the diverse morphology of this common benign tumor, guiding appropriate clinical management.
Uterine Leiomyoma, Fibroids, Menorrhagia, Histopathology, Hyaline Degeneration, Hysterectomy.
Copyright (c) 2017 Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Synthesis, Characterization, and Coordination Chemistry of 3-(((Z)-3-Chlorobenzylidene)hydrazono)butan-2-one Oxime and Its Transition Metal Complexes
This study reports the synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of 3-(((Z)-3-chlorobenzylidene)hydrazono)butan-2-one oxime (HL) and its transition metal complexes with Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II). The ligand was synthesized through a condensation reaction between 3-chlorobenzaldehyde and butan-2-one oxime and characterized using FT-IR, UV-Vis, NMR, and elemental analysis. The metal complexes were obtained by reacting HL with corresponding metal salts under controlled conditions and characterized by spectroscopic techniques, molar conductivity, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Spectroscopic data suggest that HL acts as a bidentate ligand, coordinating through the oxime oxygen and imine nitrogen atoms. The complexes exhibit octahedral or square planar geometries depending on the metal ion. Antimicrobial activity was assessed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. The complexes demonstrated enhanced activity compared to the free ligand, with the Cu(II) complex showing the highest efficacy, attributed to its higher stability and lipophilicity, which facilitate better interaction with microbial cell membranes. The findings highlight the potential of 3-(((Z)-3-chlorobenzylidene) hydrazono)butan-2-one oxime and its metal complexes as promising candidates for antimicrobial applications. Further studies are recommended to explore their mechanism of action and potential therapeutic applications.
3-(((Z)-3-Chlorobenzylidene) hydrazono) butan-2-one oxime, Transition metal complexes, Spectroscopic characterization, Antimicrobial activity, Coordination chemistry
Copyright (c) 2025 Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Decoding Magnetic Influence:- Physical Parameters Evaluation Of Aqueous Acetonitrile Through Polymeric Membrane.
The polymeric membrane is used in the present study was prepared by impregnating cellulose acetate dissolved in acetone and aqueous solution of potassium bromide. The flow of water and aqueous solution of acetonitrile through this membrane has been measured at different temperature, composition and magnetic field strengths. The electro osmotic permeability coefficient , enthalpy of activation (), entropy of activation () , free energy of activation () , number of pores, pore radius and zeta potential have also been calculated. The flow process of aqueous solution of acetonitrile is thermodynamically not feasible. The dipolar nature of aqueous solution of acetonitrile mixture does affect the membrane structure which is shown by variation in number of pores, pore radius1 and zeta potential2-7.
Copyright (c) 2018 Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of Syringodium isoetifolium (Ascherson) Dandy ethanolic extracts
In recent times, people have forgotten traditional foods with medicinal value, which has led to the emergence of various new diseases that are epidemic to humankind. The most complex ecosystem on earth is the marine ecosystem, which is vast to be explored. In aquatic habitats, marine angiosperms are unique and they occupy the bottom line of the food chain and serve as the main nutrients for the ocean’s higher organisms. Seagrasses are marine angiosperms belonging to the order Alismatales and there are four different families, such as Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae, Hydrocharitaceae, and Cymodoceaceae, which have a unique nature that grow and complete their life cycle under the ocean. Syringodium isoetifolium is a herbaceous plant that grows well not only on coral flats but also on sandy to muddy bottoms up to 15 m depth. It is not seen in backwaters and estuaries Phytochemical examinations of seagrass species have shown that they are likely sources of cell reinforcements (Ragupathi et al., 2010; Rengasamy et al., 2011). The main aim of a medicinal chemist is to get active extracts, fractions or compounds against a particular target. In recent times, computational chemistry has become an economically cheaper solution for drug discovery and the identification of lead molecules. This, when coupled with natural products, enables a medicinal chemist to explore more efficiently with less work (Mukhtar et al., 2008). Qualitative and quantitative analysis using chromatographic methods are extensively employed in drug discovery, pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, process and formulation development, metabolic process for research, standardization and quality control (Kazakevich and LoBrutto, 2007; Hostettmann et al., 2001). Only very few studies are available on the antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral activities of crude solvent extracts of the seagrasses. In this study, the ethanolic extract of Syringodium isoetifolium was subjected to phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activities.
Molecular Docking Techniques in Drug Discovery: A Comprehensive Review
Molecular docking has emerged as a cornerstone of modern drug discovery and development. By predicting the binding orientation and affinity of small molecules to their biological targets, docking enables rational design of therapeutics, accelerates lead identification, and reduces the reliance on resource-intensive experimental approaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview of molecular docking techniques, including fundamental principles, algorithms, scoring functions, and software tools. Emphasis is placed on the applications of docking in hit identification, lead optimization, drug repurposing, and mechanistic studies. Additionally, the limitations of docking methodologies are critically discussed, with special attention to challenges in protein flexibility, solvation models, and scoring accuracy. Finally, future perspectives are explored, highlighting the integration of artificial intelligence, molecular dynamics, and high-throughput screening in advancing the accuracy and predictive power of docking. Collectively, this review underscores the indispensable role of molecular docking in structure-based drug discovery.
Molecular docking, drug discovery, virtual screening, scoring function, structure-based drug design, lead optimization
Sustainable Synthesis of Ananas Comosus (Pineapple Peel)-Zinc Nanoparticles (PA-Zn Nps) for Congo Red Dye Remediation
The green synthesize route emphasizes reduction in NP production and use of Nanotechnology from the disposals of harmful pollutants available in the effluents, and liberation these generated NPs for minimum environment toxicity. The extract from Ananas Comosus (Pineapple Peel) was selected for the present investigation because it possesses good adsorbent properties and contains flavonoids and steroids which are helpful as antioxidants and also shows reducing properties leading to the formation of PA-Zn Nps. The SEM-EDX, XRD, and FTIR methods are employed to study the behaviour of Ananas Comosus (Pineapple Peel)-Zinc Nanoparticles. The experiment is based on the adsorption methodology to eliminate Congo Red Dye. Different conditions including Agitation Time, amount of sorbent used, pH of Solution, Starting dye Concentration and Temperature were reported and optimized. Freundlich and Langmuir Isotherms models proved to be the greatest fitting models for the experimented adsorptive data of dye with PA-Zn Nps.
(Ananas Comosus) Pineapple Peel Extract, Green Synthesis, Nanotechnology, Adsorption Isotherms, Experimental Parameters, Kinetics.
A Case Of MELAS Syndrome In A Young Male Presenting With Acute Bilateral Cerebral Infarction: A Case Report
We presented the case of a 19-year-old male who arrived at the emergency department with sudden-onset involuntary movements, uprolling of eyeballs, and frothing at the mouth, suggestive of an acute neurological event. The patient was stabilized with intravenous levetiracetam and midazolam, and neuroimaging revealed bilateral acute infarcts without hemorrhagic transformation. Despite an exhaustive workup for autoimmune diseases and hypercoagulable states, no significant findings were observed. A neurology opinion and 2D echocardiography further ruled out conventional etiologies. Suspecting a mitochondrial disorder, genetic testing confirmed MELAS syndrome through exon sequencing. This case emphasizes the importance of considering mitochondrial disorders like MELAS in young patients with unexplained strokes and neurological symptoms.
MELAS syndrome, mitochondrial disorders, young adults, bilateral infarcts, genetic testing, case report.
Analysis of Heavy Metals in Industrial Wastewater Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
This study focuses on the quantitative analysis of heavy metals in industrial wastewater using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The primary objective was to assess the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and mercury (Hg) in wastewater samples from a manufacturing facility in Chennai, India, and evaluate the effectiveness of the local wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in mitigating these contaminants. The research design involved a cross-sectional observational study with 30 samples collected from the inlet and outlet points of the WWTP over a six-month period. The results revealed significant levels of heavy metals, often exceeding regulatory limits. The WWTP demonstrated a reduction efficiency of 18.53% for Pb, but showed negative reduction efficiencies for Cd, Cr, and Hg, indicating potential inadequacies in the treatment process. Correlation analysis suggested common contamination sources for Pb and Cr. The findings underscore the need for improved treatment technologies, stringent regulatory enforcement, and public awareness to mitigate environmental and health risks. This study contributes valuable data on heavy metal contamination in industrial wastewater in India, filling a significant literature gap and highlighting the necessity for enhanced wastewater treatment and environmental protection measures.
Heavy metals, Industrial wastewater, ICP-MS, Wastewater treatment, Environmental contamination, public health
Synthesis, Spectroscopic, And Biological Investigation Of Metal Complexes With (1E,2E)-N-Hydroxy-1,2-Diphenyl-2-(2-Phenylhydrazinylidene) Ethanimine Ligand
A novel Schiff base ligand, (1E,2E)-N-hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl-2-(2-phenylhydrazinylidene)ethanimine (HSmSL1), was synthesized via condensation of 1,2-diphenyl-2-(2-phenylhydrazinylidene)ethanone with hydroxylamine hydrochloride and characterized as a pale yellow crystalline solid (m.p. 167–169°C) with a molecular formula of C15H14N2O. Its transition metal complexes with Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Mn(II), Pd(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) were prepared in a 2:1 ligand-to-metal ratio and characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR, NMR, and powder XRD. UV-vis spectroscopy revealed characteristic π-π∗ and ligand-to-metal charge transfer transitions, confirming square planar geometries, with d-d transitions at 540 nm (Fe), 490 nm (Co), and 610–626 nm (Ni). FTIR analysis indicated coordination through deprotonated oxygen and nitrogen atoms, evidenced by shifts in C=NN (1573–1598 cm−1) and C=NOH (1509–1538 cm−1) bands and new O-M (503–535 cm−1) and N→M (516–565 cm−1) vibrations. The 1H NMR spectrum of HSmSL1 showed -OH (12.367 ppm), -NH- (10.527 ppm), and aromatic (7.167–7.985 ppm) signals, while 13C NMR confirmed C=N (154.94 ppm), Ar C-NH (151.28 ppm), and Ar C-C (135.46 ppm) carbons. Powder XRD indicated an amorphous nature for the complexes, suggesting disordered molecular arrangements. Antimicrobial testing against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed superior activity for Ni(II), Cd(II), and Hg(II) complexes, with inhibition zones of 11–15 mm and 12–16 mm against bacteria and fungi, respectively, often matching or exceeding the standard (12–14 mm). Notably, the Zn(II) complex exhibited exceptional activity against P. aeruginosa (18 mm). The enhanced bioactivity of metal complexes over the ligand underscores the role of coordination in improving lipophilicity and microbial target interactions, highlighting their potential as novel antimicrobial agents, though toxicity concerns for Cd(II) and Hg(II) warrant further evaluation.
Spectroscopic characterization, UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, Antimicrobial activity, Antimicrobial agents
An Eco-Friendly And Highly Effective Approach: One-Pot Synthesis Of Pyranopyrazole Derivatives Using A Multicomponent Strategy
A novel, multi-faceted approach for synthesizing pyranopyrazole derivatives featuring a thioether linkage has been devised, notably excluding the use of catalysts to promote environmental sustainability. This innovative technique avoids reliance on toxic solvents and catalysts, employs a straightforward purification process, and consistently delivers near-complete yields to minimize impurities. Additionally, an in-depth evaluation of the antifungal and antibacterial properties of all synthesized compounds was conducted. Certain compounds, specifically AG19 and AG20, exhibited exceptional antibacterial efficacy, while others, namely AG15 and AG16, demonstrated superior antifungal activity compared to standard treatments. These results strongly suggest that the identified active compounds hold significant promise as a robust platform for advancing the development of new antioxidant and antibacterial therapeutics in future research endeavors.
Green synthesis; Ecofriendly solvent; Pyranopyrazoles; Antifungal; Antibacterial
Electrochemical Synthesis of Coordination Compounds of Antimony(III) Thiolates
The antimony(III) thiolate, synthesized, have been refluxed with 1,10 - phenanthroline and 2,2’ - bipyridyl separately in various solvents like methanol, ethanol, benzene and acetonitrile for 48 hours in order to prepare their coordination compounds. Analytical data and infrared spectral data of the products so obtained show that the ligand molecules could not enter the coordination sphere of these antimony(III) thiolate. It is, therefore, considered worthwhile that the ligand may be added to these alkoxides before these form alkoxy bridges and get polymerized. Therefore, in addition to thiol and supporting electrolyte, 1.0 g of the ligand (1,10 - phenanthroline or 2,2’ - bipyridyl) was also added to these systems and the solution was electrolyzed at antimony anode and inert platinum cathode for ten hours. The products obtained are insoluble in commonly used organic solvents and do not melt upto 3000C. Elemental analysis and infrared data conform to general formula, Sb(SR)3.L.
Antimony, Thiols, Tetrabutylammonium chloride
Copyright (c) 2024 Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry
Electrochemical Synthesis Of Antimony(III) Thiolates
Electrolysis of 5.0 mL of the thiol (1-methylpropane-1-thiol, 2-methylpropane-2-thiol, pentane-1-thiol, propane-2-thiol and butane-1-thiol) 1.0 g of tetrabutylammonium chloride dissolved in 250 mL of acetonitrile was conducted in the H - type cell at antimony anode and inert platinum cathode by passing current of 20 mA. The light brown product separating in the anode compartment was isolated from the reaction mixture after ten hours of electrolysis. The product so obtained was washed with hot acetonitrile, dry ether and then finally dried under vacuum. Infrared spectra of the products have been recorded, Current efficiencies of all these systems have also been determined
Copyright (c) 2023 Eurasian Journal of Analytical Chemistry
“STUDY OF PRO-BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE LEVELS IN PATIENTS OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME” Title Page
Background: Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality. Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) and its precursor, Pro-BNP, have been explored as potential biomarkers for predicting outcomes in ARDS, but their clinical significance remains unclear. Methods: This single-center, prospective study included 96 ARDS patients. Pro-BNP levels were measured at admission and after 72 hours. Patients were categorized based on ARDS severity, ventilatory support, ICU stay duration, and outcomes. Statistical analysis assessed the correlation between Pro-BNP levels and disease severity, oxygenation status (PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio), and prognosis. Results: The study observed significantly elevated Pro-BNP levels at admission, with a marked decrease at 72 hours (p < 0.001), except in non-survivors, where levels increased. Improved PaO₂/FiO₂ ratios were noted over 72 hours, indicating better oxygenation. Higher Pro-BNP levels correlated with severe ARDS, prolonged ICU stays, and increased mortality (p < 0.0001). The overall mortality rate was 14.58%, with 85.42% of patients discharged. Conclusion: Pro-BNP levels serve as a valuable prognostic marker in ARDS, correlating with disease severity and outcomes. Its decreasing trend over time suggests clinical improvement, while persistently high levels indicate poor prognosis.
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide, ARDS severity, ventilatory support, biomarker, patient outcomes
Radio stability Assessment of 2-acetoxybenzoic acid via HPLC and HRMS
The stability of pharmaceutical formulations is a critical aspect of ensuring their safety, efficacy, and quality throughout their intended shelf life. This study presents a comprehensive approach to evaluating the stability of aspirin, a widely used pharmaceutical agent, by developing and validating a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The research investigates the effects of ionizing radiation on aspirin, focusing on impurity profiling through advanced high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Aspirin was subjected to forced degradation under hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis, thermal stress, and ionizing radiation, including gamma and neutron exposures. The HPLC method was optimized using a reverse-phase C18 column and a tailored mobile phase to ensure the effective separation and quantification of aspirin and its degradation products. HRMS enabled precise identification and characterization of impurities, providing insights into degradation pathways. The study highlights the significant impact of ionizing radiation on the chemical stability of aspirin, leading to the formation of unique degradation products. These findings have critical implications for Pharmaceuticals exposed to extreme environments, such as during space missions or sterilization processes. The research underscores the importance of integrating stability-indicating methods and impurity profiling in pharmaceutical quality control to ensure drug safety and efficacy under diverse conditions. This work contributes to the broader understanding of drug stability and supports the development of robust analytical methods for regulatory compliance.
stability-indicating Methods, Aspirin, HPLC Method Development, Forced Degradation Studies, Ionizing Radiation, Impurity Profiling, High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS), Regulatory guidelines (ICH Q1 (R2)).
Molecular Docking Of Dual PPAR Alpha/Gama Agonist For Type 2 Diabetes Structure Based Drug Design For Selective Cyclooxygenase-2(COX 2) Inhibitor
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and chronic inflammation. The nuclear receptors PPAR-α and PPAR-γ regulate lipid and glucose metabolism and are prominent therapeutic targets. This study investigates Aleglitazar, a known dual PPAR-α/γ agonist, and its structural derivatives for potential multi-target activity, including COX-2 inhibition. A structure-based drug design (SBDD) approach was employed using molecular docking techniques via AutoDock Vina to simulate ligand binding within the active sites of PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, and COX-2. Five compounds, including the parent Aleglitazar and four functionalized analogues (–COONa, –CH₃, –NH₂, –OH), were computationally optimized and docked against selected target receptors (PDB IDs: 2P54 and 3CS8). Compound 2 (–COONa) exhibited the most favorable binding energy and pose stability for both PPAR isoforms. The study also explored whether COX-2 inhibitory pharmacophores could be integrated without disrupting PPAR binding. Visual analysis using PyMOL confirmed significant receptor interactions, particularly via hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic contacts. The research demonstrates the utility of in silico docking as a cost-effective and predictive tool in the early phases of drug discovery, with implications for the development of dual or triple-target agents with improved efficacy and reduced side effects.
Dual PPAR Agonist, Aleglitazar Derivatives, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, COX-2 Inhibition
Formulation and Evaluation of Gliclazide Solid Dispersion for Solubility and Dissolution Enhancement
Gliclazide is a type of medication used to treat non-insulin-dependent diabetes. It belongs to a group of drugs called sulfonylureas. Gliclazide isn’t very well absorbed by the body because it doesn’t dissolve easily in water. In this study, scientists made a special mix called solid dispersions of gliclazide using a solvent method. They used different ratios of the drug to the mixers, which were 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, and 5:5. The mixers used were polyvinyl pyrrolidone K-30 and polyethylene glycol 6000, and they were used in a 1:1 ratio. The properties of the mix were checked using various tests like DSC, FTIR, XRD and tests for how well the drug dissolves and how soluble it is. The SEM results showed that gliclazide was spread out well and existed in an amorphous form in the mix. The FTIR results showed that there was no chemical bonding between gliclazide and the mixers. The DSC test showed that the melting point of gliclazide was lower in the mix. The XRD test showed that the mix had less crystalline structure than pure gliclazide. The mix also made the drug dissolve and become more soluble than pure gliclazide, and this difference was statistically significant (F < 0. 05).
Solid dispersion, solvent method, PEG 6000, Gliclazide, PVP K-30.
Correlation Of Serum Cystatin C Levels with Renal Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Infected With SARS-Cov-2: A Prospective Observational Study
Background: The emergence of COVID-19 has disproportionately affected patients with pre-existing comorbidities such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), increasing the risk of multi-organ complications including renal dysfunction. Serum Cystatin C has emerged as a sensitive marker of early renal impairment, potentially superior to traditional creatinine-based estimates. Given this background, the present study was undertaken to evaluate serum Cystatin C levels in hospitalized patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and confirmed COVID-19 infection, and to assess its correlation with renal function parameters such as serum creatinine and eGFR across different levels of COVID-19 severity. The goal was to explore whether Cystatin C could serve as an early and sensitive biomarker for renal dysfunction in this vulnerable population and contribute to risk stratification and timely intervention. Objective: To evaluate the correlation of serum Cystatin C levels with renal function in patients with T2DM infected with SARS-CoV-2 and compare values across COVID-19 severity levels. Methods: This prospective observational study included 65 patients diagnosed with T2DM and RT-PCR- confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients were stratified into three groups based on COVID- 19 severity (mild, moderate, severe). Renal function was assessed via serum Cystatin C, serum creatinine, and eGFR. Statistical analysis included one-way ANOVA and descriptive comparisons. Results: Mean Cystatin C values were 1.38 mg/L (mild), 1.45 mg/L (moderate), and 1.41 mg/L (severe). No statistically significant difference was found across groups (ANOVA F = 0.15, p = 0.860). Serum creatinine and eGFR followed similar patterns. Overall, renal biomarkers remained within subclinical ranges across severity categories. Conclusion: Serum Cystatin C levels did not show a significant correlation with COVID-19 severity in T2DM patients. However, a mild elevation in moderate cases may indicate early renal involvement, supporting the role of Cystatin C in early nephropathy screening.
Cystatin C, Renal Dysfunction, COVID-19, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, eGFR, SARS-CoV-2
Phytochemical Profiling and FTIR Characterization of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit
Hyptis suaveolens (Syn. Mesosphaerum suaveolens) is an aromatic plant species from lamiaceae family originated in the tropical regions of Mexico, South America, and the West Indies. It is naturalized in tropical parts of Asia, Australia and Africa and now considered as an obnoxious invasive species. The plant has been traditionally used for its antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties. This study aims to investigate the phytochemical composition and functional groups of H. suaveolens using qualitative phytochemical screening and FTIR. Fresh leaves were collected; shade dried, powdered and subjected to methanolic extraction using soxhlet apparatus. The powdered samples were analyzed to document the organoleptic characters. The powered samples were green with minty odour, bitter taste and fine texture. Colour changes in reaction to various chemicals/reagents indicated the presence of various secondary metabolites. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenols. terpenoids/steriods etc. FTIR is an effective tool to identify the therapeutic compounds and enhancing quality assurance. It provides detained chemical fingerprinting. Key absorption peaks in powdered sample as well as in methanolic extracts observed for functional groups such as O-H (phenols/flavonoids), C-H (alkanes/terpenoids), C=C or C=O (aromatic rings), and C-O/).C (ethers/esters). These confirmed the presence of phyto-compounds viz., 1,8-Cineole, Limonene, β-caryophyllene, Sabinene, Quercetin derivatives, and phenolic acids like caffeic acid. The comparative study revealed the presence of higher phenolic content in the powdered sample than in methanolic extract. This comprehensive profiling supports the medicinal importance of this plant aligning with its traditional uses. The investigation indicate significant potential for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications, warranting further isolation and in vivo validation of its bioactive constituents.
Hyptis suaveolens, FTIR, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, leaves, phytochemical screening
Light-Emitting Diode Electrical and Optical Characteristics: Theory and Practice
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are now essential parts of contemporary optoelectronic systems, especially because of their excellent energy efficiency, durability, and small size. The electrical properties of LEDs are examined in detail in this work, with particular attention paid to the devices' power efficiency, threshold voltage, modulation capabilities, and current-voltage (V-I) behavior. The effects of changing injection current, temperature, and circuit design on performance are demonstrated by experimental data and theoretical models. To demonstrate LEDs's superiority over conventional light sources like incandescent and fluorescent lights, the report also cites important comparative metrics, including luminous efficiency and onset time. A brief discussion of applications in optical communication and signal systems emphasizes how crucial it is to optimize electrical characteristics for dependable, fast operation. The findings assist in designing LED-based electronics, where precise electrical behavior controls system integration and optical output quality.
Light Emitting Diode (LED), V-I Characteristics, Forward Voltage, Efficiency, Electrical Behaviour, Modulation, Semiconductor
Analysis of Natural Radioactivity and Radiological Hazards in Soil Samples from The Western Ghats, India
This study took soil samples from the Agumbe region in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India, and studied its natural radioactivity. To evaluate the native radiation levels in this ecologically delicate region, high-resolution gamma spectrometry was used to determine the activity concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40. We chose Agumbe because of its varied heights and rainfall patterns, in addition to its tropical climate and abundant biodiversity. The gamma spectrometry analysis of soil samples taken from uphill, downhill, and mid-hill sites showed that the radioactive concentrations varied across the various topographies. Ra-226, Th-232, and K-40 concentrations were generally within the global norms, with minor differences explained by regional topographical and geological factors. Environmental monitoring programs and radiological health evaluations can benefit from the study's findings regarding the region's radioactive baseline. Additionally, future research on radiation exposure in environmentally sensitive regions can use this information to support environmentally conscious management practices.
Thermogravimetric Analysis Of Metal Complexes Derived From 2-Phenyl-4H-Benzo[D] [3,1]-Oxazin-4-One Ligand.
Developments in the Synthesis of Certain Novel ligand PHBO (2-Phenyl-4H-benzo[d][3,1]-oxazin-4-one) is prepared from the condensation of anthranilic acid, benzoyl chloride and acetic anhydride. The heterocyclic classes which have drawn attention towards its synthesis because of their innumerable biological activities like antiviral, antitumor activity, A new complexes derived from 2-Phenyl-4H-benzo[d] [3,1]-oxazin-4-one with Ni (II), Cu (II), Cr (III), Co (III) ions. They are found to be soluble in organic solvents and characterized by IR, NMR, TGA-DTA, XRD, Elemental analysis and molar conductance measurements. The spectral data of synthesized complexes strongly support the stereochemistry of complexes and suggest the octahedral geometry for the metal ions. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) experiment is carried out to explore the thermal stability of the complexes. Thermal behavior of the complexes was checked in the range of temperature from 0 to 900OC in a nitrogen atmosphere. The PHBO ligand and their metal chelates have been tested for their antimicrobial activity using Broth Dilution Method and the results were discussed.
PHBO (2-Phenyl-4H-benzo[d] [3,1]-oxazin-4-one), Metal Chelates, TGA-DTA, XRD, elemental analysis and antimicrobial activity.
Overview of the Role of Tyrosine Protein Kinases and Their Inhibitors in Cancer Disease
Tyrosine-protein Kinases are considered primary targets for drug development due to their amplification in several tumorigenesis and uncontrolled proliferation. Their function is to phosphorylate their substrates' tyrosine residues, which are inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), consequently blocking the intracellular signaling currents. Over the last two decades, the development process of TKIs has been successful in introducing various influential and well-tolerated one-target and multiple targets agents such as FGFR, MEK, MET, RET, VEGFR, NTRK, HER2, ROS1, ALK, EGFR. In this article, we summarize the valuable information about tyrosine kinases and their inhibitors to obtain the maximum possible benefit, to get a therapeutic substance with high efficiency and effectiveness, with few side effects, to achieve the maximum benefit for human society, and to gain the most extended possible period of survival for people with malignant tumors In conclusion, cancer patients' survival and quality of life have significantly improved through the discovery and continuous development of TKIs, transforming the treatment guidelines for various cancer diseases.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, cancer, phosphorylation, dimerization.
Molecular Docking Of New Acetaminophen Derivatives As Inhibitors Of Carbonic Anhydrase Enzyme with A Computational Evaluation Of Their Pharmacokinetic And Drug-Likeness Properties
This study explores the design and computational evaluation of novel acetaminophen derivatives as potential inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase II (CA II), an enzyme implicated in various physiological and pathological processes, including glaucoma, epilepsy, and cancer. Given the limitations and side effects associated with traditional sulfonamide-based CA inhibitors, there is a pressing need for more selective and safer alternatives. Utilizing molecular docking techniques, the binding affinities and interaction modes of these derivatives within the CA II active site were assessed, with compounds A and B exhibiting promising binding energies (-6.67 and -6.47 kcal/mol, respectively) and favorable interactions with key residues such as Zn262, Asn67, and Trp5. Complementary ADMET profiling via SwissADME predicted satisfactory pharmacokinetic properties, including solubility, permeability, and drug-likeness, aligning with Lipinski’s rule. The integration of docking scores with pharmacokinetic predictions underscores the potential of these derivatives as lead candidates for further experimental validation. This computational framework highlights the feasibility of repurposing acetaminophen scaffolds for CA II inhibition, offering a strategic pathway toward the development of selective, efficacious, and safer CA inhibitors for therapeutic applications. The findings lay the groundwork for subsequent synthesis and in vitro testing, aiming to contribute to the advancement of targeted treatments with minimized adverse effects.
Molecular docking, Acetaminophen derivatives, Carbonic anhydrase, ADME study
A Few Consequences of Polluting Aquatic Ecosystems
The effects of anthropogenic pollution on the aquatic organisms dwelling in freshwater ecosystem at global scale. aquatic ecosystem pollution with particular reference to pathogens in water, sediment and fish and their human health concerns. It highlighted the historical perspective of the relationship between microbes and humans This article is based on categories of different classes/sources of pollutants which affect freshwater organism. This is composed of several sections including metals and metalloids, wastewater and effluents, sediments, nutrients, pharmaceuticals, , pesticides, herbicides, and endocrine disruptors.
Freshwater pollution; metals and metalloids; microplastics; pesticides and herbicides
INCAPACITATING DEGENERATION- Testing the efficacy of Laser therapy in comparison with Phonophoresis along with Quadriceps Strengthening Exercise in patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) also known as degenerative joint disease of the knee is typically the result of wear and tear and progressive loss of articular cartilage. It is the most common in the elderly. AIM: The aim of the study is to compare the effect of LASER therapy versus Phonophoresis along with quadriceps strengthening exercise in patients with knee Osteoarthritis. METHODOLOGY: This was a cohort. study which took place between 6 to 8 weeks at ACS medical college and hospital. 50 samples were chosen by simple random sampling method. RESULTS: On comparing Pretest and Post test within Group A & Group B on vas score, WOMAC Score and knee flexion ROM Score shows significant difference in the mean values at P ≤0.05. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that there is more significant difference in LASER therapy along with quadriceps strengthening exercise is effective when compared to Phonophoresis along with quadriceps strengthening exercise on subjects with knee osteoarthritis. On comparing the mean values there is a significant improvement in reducing pain and ROM in patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Internet Addiction-A Medical Student’s Perspective
Internet addiction, also known as problematic internet use or pathological internet use, which is generally defined as problematic, compulsive use of the internet, that results in significant impairment in an individual's function in various life domains over a prolonged period of time. With online classes being the latest in medical education, students have more internet exposure when compared to their peers. After the inception of the World Wide Web, Internet addiction has developed into a global issue influencing varying segments of the population at different levels1. Despite the wide range of benefits that the Internet provides us, there comes the issue of Internet addiction, also known as problematic internet use or pathological internet use, which is generally defined as problematic, compulsive use of the internet, that results in significant impairment in an individual's function in various life domains over a prolonged period of time. This article highlights the negative impact that internet addiction has on medical students affecting their sleep quality, academic performance and interpersonal relationships. Knowing these issues helps policy makers and educational institutions to implement mental health and educational organizations would design programs that focus on educating medical students to improve skills in building behavior plans and enhance their attempts in preventing development of internet addiction during their study period.
Procalcitonin and CRP as Biomarkers in Differentiating Bacterial vs. Viral Pneumonia: Implications for Antibiotic StewardshipThe Role of Blood-Based Biomarkers in the Early Diagnosis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Globally, the leading causes of illness and mortality are pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Correct discrimination between bacterial and viral pneumonia is a clinical trial, one that is critical to direct proper antibiotic treatment and stem antimicrobial resistance. The most commonly used biomarkers in this study are procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Methodology: The study was carried out as a 24-month cohort study in a tertiary care centre. Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and high-sensitivity immunoturbidimetric assay were used to measure PCT and CRP in patients with pneumonia or COPD. Results: Among the 250 patients (100 with bacterial pneumonia, 50 with viral pneumonia and 100 with COPD), CRP and PCT were higher in bacterial pneumonia than in viral pneumonia and COPD. PCT was better at identifying sepsis than CRP (AUC 0.89 compared to 0.77). Those who tested positive for either marker were more likely to be hospitalized for longer, get antibiotics and have more frequent COPD worsening. Conclusion: Overall, PCT and CRP are useful for distinguishing pneumonia apart from an exacerbation of COPD. If these tests were used in clinics, clinicians could diagnose patients more accurately, manage antibiotic use better and support better health for patients.
Investigating The Function of Algae as A Bioindicator for Water Quality Assessment
Objectives: To explore the algal floral diversity and its role in determining water quality. Methods: In 2024, algae and water samples were collected every month. Formalin at 2 to 3% was used to keep unicellular algae, whereas formalin at 4% was used to keep macroalgae. The Canon advanced digital camera was used to capture microphotographs of algae. We utilised the Palmer pollution index to find out how clean the water was. Results: The research found 201 algae species spread throughout 57 genera, 42 families, 25 orders, 10 classes, and 7 divisions. The overall score for the Lake's Algal Genus Pollution Index. It was determined that Lake has a possible absence of organic pollutants. Conclusion: We firmly promote for the protection and management of algae species to ensure a sustainable stock of algal-derived products in the future. It was shown that the water quality of Lake was influenced by human activity and must be regulated.
“Synthesis, Characterization And Biological Activities Of Some Newly Synthesized Macrocyclic Complexes Of Fe(Ii) Metal Ions”
New series of macrocyclic iron complexes, Fe(C30H20N8O2) and Fe(C30H18Cl2N8O2), were successfully prepared using a template synthesis method in a methanolic solution. The synthesis of these complexes involved a [2+2] cyclocondensation reaction, where diamines, specifically 4-aminobenzoic hydrazide and 2-aminobenzhydrazide, were reacted with α-diketones, namely isatin and 5-chloroisatin, in the presence of iron sulphate as a template ion. The physicochemical properties of these complexes were investigated through various methods, including determining their decomposition temperature, conducting conductivity measurements, conducting elemental analyses, and measuring their magnetic moments. It was observed that these complexes exhibited solubility in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). A variety of techniques were employed to analyze the spectra of the synthesized complexes, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and UV/Visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy. The antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of all the synthesized complexes was evaluated against bacterial strains such as E. coli and S. aureus, as well as fungal strains like Alternaria alternata and Fusarium solani. This assessment was conducted using the Agar well diffusion method. The antioxidant properties of these complexes were assessed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The results were compared with the standard antioxidant, ascorbic acid, and demonstrated satisfactory antioxidant activity.
Morphological Spectrum Of Soft Tissue Tumors: A Four-Year Retrospective Study From A Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Background: Soft tissue tumors (STTs) represent a diverse group of neoplasms arising from mesenchymal tissues. Given their wide morphological spectrum, a combined cyto-histopathological approach plays a crucial role in accurate diagnosis. While Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) offers a minimally invasive, rapid, and cost-effective preliminary tool, histopathology remains the gold standard. The aim of the present study is Morphological Spectrum of Soft Tissue Tumors. Methodology: This retrospective descriptive study was conducted over a four-year period in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Maharashtra. All histologically confirmed soft tissue tumor biopsies were included. Tumors were classified according to the WHO classification using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and the Chi-square test was applied for categorical variables (P < 0.05 considered significant). Results: Among the 657 STTs analyzed, 93.60% were benign, while intermediate and malignant tumors each accounted for 3.20%. The male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1, with most cases occurring in the third and fifth decades of life. Adipocytic tumors were the most common subtype (70.41%), followed by peripheral nerve sheath tumors (15.45%). Intermediate-grade tumors were seen predominantly in middle-aged patients. Malignant tumors were most frequent in individuals over 61 years, with tumors of uncertain differentiation (33.33%) being the most common malignant subtype, followed by malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (14.29%). Conclusion: Benign STTs, particularly adipocytic tumors, are the most prevalent. FNAC, combined with thorough histopathological evaluation and WHO-based classification, remains a valuable diagnostic approach. A multidisciplinary correlation enhances diagnostic precision and prognostic assessment.
Benign, Lipoma, Sarcoma, Soft tissue tumour.